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The reduction in weight on account of shipping expenses is of greatest significance with the Northwestern lumbermen in the case of Douglas fir, redwood, Western red cedar, sugar pine, bull pine, and other softwoods. The specimen was then placed between the plane wedge-shaped steel grips of the cage and the movable head of the static machine and pulled in two. In the ordinary way the method of excision is practised in such a manner that the "cut" gradually descends to the base of the tree. The amount of the dip is the angle made with a horizontal plane.